Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication. E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. Each household was visited at least twice during the day. In particular, the regions economic base is evolving from traditional farming practices to one that is increasingly reliant on tourism. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. Founded as Educational Expeditions International in 1971 by Bob Citron and Clarence Truesdale, Earthwatch supports hundreds of Ph.D. researchers across dozens of countries, conducting over 100,000 hours of research annually. This paper explores the challenges this diversity brings with respect to generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . I said [at the pre-eruption meetings] that you have some safe areas but they are also isolated. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. in response to this demand, the european union'stransport ministers adopted a short-term solution.they declared that a volcanic ash concentration of up to 2 mg/m3 was deemed 'safe' for flight operations, provided that certain risk mitigation . Population data sourced from slfur Gylfi Plmason, the head of the Rangring eystra municipality, and Statistics Iceland (2016). Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . Match. If it caused a flood in the rivers then we would of had only 1h to escape. Eyjafjallajkull is a 500m long fissure volcano , that erupts basalt. But an eruption does not worry us. ADS This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. The decision to omit Skgar was based on the fact that it is located further from the eruption site than other communities in Austur- Eyjafjll and it is not situated in a jkulhlaup hazard zone for an Eyjafjallajkull or Katla eruption. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. Bass101568. Population data for this period is available by municipality. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. During these events this area was impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and rock fall. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. Before the financial crash in 2008, Iceland had become too expensive for many visitorsevidenced by a somewhat steady decline in employment numbers within the tourism industry outside the capital region from 2000 (Fig. She was a little more anxious. Environ Sci Policy 13:185194, Hskuldsson (2015) rfajkull. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. Long Term. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. An intense seismic crisis started at Brdarbunga volcano on 16 August 2014 and led to several short-lived smaller subaerial and subglacial eruptions, before stabilizing in an ongoing (22 Sep) fissure eruption that started 31 Aug at Holuhraun plain north of the glacier. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). In 2010, Iceland became the center of attention the world over. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. 2), and their associated fissure systems, have the highest eruption frequency and greatest volcanic productivity in Iceland (Thordarson and Larsen, 2007). And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. 4). (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. Given the South attracts the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016), it is safe to assume that the changes in livelihood are a reflection of changes in the South. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. 1 / 9. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). Hazard management of the Iceland eruption Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. Population numbers in Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur and Rangring eystrathe municipalities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptionhave been fairly consistent, with a total number of 2772, 2710 and 2769 recorded in 2000, 2008 and 2016, respectively. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. These include individual-level indicators and event-orientated variables (Dash and Gladwin, 2007) such as their perception of the ensuing event, the perceived safety of their home relative to the threat, timing of evacuation (e.g., are the roads already congested with traffic, are all household members accounted for) and past experiences (Drabek, 1986, Gladwin et al., 2001, Mileti and Peek, 2000, Paton et al., 2001, Sorensen and Sorensen, 2007, Tierney et al., 2001). But still I say the evacuation was necessary because I think what makes everything so easy and organised and good is people obey the authorities. Use the GeoActive worksheet, Haiti earthquake 2010 (above), to complete the Word document (below). This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. (background, It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. The kids they can learn everything. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. Cogn Psychol 4:207232, Walker P (2018) Kilauea volcano eruption. Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. Sociol Theory 19:123, Article PubMedGoogle Scholar. There is a glacier above the volcano. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration and migration from the capital region. Spectacular drone footage of long dormant Iceland volcano erupting | ITV News Subscribe to ITV News on YouTube: http://bit.ly/2lOHmNj Get breaking news an. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. The majority of respondents declared farming as their occupation. Hence, it is well known that if you are located in these areas you must evacuatehighlighting geographic location as an important factor influencing decision-making. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. As volcanic ash fallout is predicted to reach ground level following the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland, scientists from the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology have responded rapidly to increase sampling rates of air quality, soils and vegetation at its long-term monitoring sites across the UK. J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article Edward Elgar, UK, Bird DK, Gisladottir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: Implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. Bird, D.K., Gsladttir, G. Responding to volcanic eruptions in Iceland: from the small to the catastrophic. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). Based on questionnaire survey results, interviews with key stakeholders and data derived from Statistics Iceland, this paper considers how residents might respond to a future eruption by examining their experience of the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions against the changing demographic, economic and political landscape. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. At the same time, the number of people involved in farming activities outside the capital region declined, with 2016 portraying the lowest employment rates in the industry since 1991. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV (2007) Community processes: warning and evacuation. Cite this article. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. The outbreak began along a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km . The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). Yet, most residents showed respect for authority and acknowledged the necessity of the evacuations. . It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). Again, evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system with approximately 800 residents complying before daybreak on 14 April 2010. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in tourists. There is no doubt that many tourists want to see an eruption, as was the case with Hawaiis Kilauea eruption in 2018 (Walker, 2018), and may try to persuade their guides to deliver. Most of the things went very well because the people were really well prepared. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. Lava fountain and lava flows from the Holuhraun fissure eruption on Iceland, Sep 2014 (Bardarbunga volcano) (Photo: Lukas Gawenda) Multiple lava fountain from the Holuhraun fissure eruption . Eyjafjallajkull Volcano, Iceland 2010. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. . 6.8 km. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. IFRC; Posted 23 Apr 2010 Originally . With more people engaging in tourism, the police/DCPEM should also be cognisant of the possibility of tour operators feeling obliged to engage in activities that enhance their vulnerability. It brought us much closer and then I knew also the trust that the people have in us. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. Demographic changes most notably include greater international migration to the South, as well as from the capital region. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. How many people are stranded after the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull. Based on what we. So called 'low' ash concentrations were deemed to be defined as <2-4 mg/m3. Evacuation went better because of the experience from previous eruption (V-E). Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. That means the 7-day shutdown of much of Europe's air traffic ordered by civil aviation authorities, which affected 10 million passengers and cost between 1.5 billion and 2.5 billion, was likely worth it. There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. The calls are increasing. Its more like Hekla erupting. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. Long term responses of the Iceland eruption The EU now has an integrated structure for air traffic management. Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. At-risk populations are not only vulnerable due to a range of economic, demographic and political elements often beyond their control (Wisner et al., 2004), but also in relation to the various factors that affect their decision-making. The former outbreak in Eyjafjallajkull in 2010 was a small effusive basalt eruption starting on March 20th when a 400 m long fissure opened on the northeastern flank of the volcano called Fimmvruhls that lies between the ice caps of Eyjafjallajkull and Mrdalsjkull glaciers at 800 m above sea level. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). People living within a 20 km zone . New residents may also benefit from storytelling, involving detailed accounts from people who experienced the event. The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. Disaster researchers have, however, applied a range of theoretical perspectives to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making in response to imminent threats. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. Report for the Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC, Melbourne, Haynes K, Handmer J, Mcaneney J, Tibbits A, Coates L (2010) Australian bushfire fatalities 19002008: exploring trends in relation to the Prepare, stay and defend or leave early policy. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. Nevertheless, only 5% reported environmental cues as the first notification they received that a second eruption had begun. As with the semi-structured interviews conducted in 2010, the 2016 open interviews were audio recorded with consent and transcribed by the authors. Test. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). During these events they were impacted by jkulhlaup, ash fall, lightning, loud sound blasts and lahars. An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region. Deanne K. Bird. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). They banded together with neighbours and friends to help each other through the tough times but they also had great concerns for their livestock. But I would not be afraid. Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. [Initially] it had not been established as on Fimmvruhls but [we knew it was on the] east [side]. We had rehearsals years before and meetings and talks and it was in the back of our minds that everyone needed to evacuate if told to do so (A-E). The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. . Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). Stakeholders in the air traffic industry were forced to reevaluate policies, safety standards, and guidelines and to seek new methods for data collection. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Icelands most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000m3s1) within 1 to 2h (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005, Gumundsson et al., 2007) warranting the need for an immediate response to evacuation orders. It was very good (O). People feeling that they didnt get enough information. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Tourists arrested for entering restricted zones to take photos, Hawaii.
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